ProPhase Labs, Inc. Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

Annual report pursuant to Section 13 and 15(d)

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies (Policies)

12 Months Ended

Dec. 31, 2023

The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on the reported results of operations.

Segments

In accordance with the Financial Accounting Standards Board's ("FASB") Accounting Standards Codification ("ASC") 280, “Segment Reporting” (“ASC 280”), the Company discloses financial and descriptive information about its reportable operating segments. Operating segments are components of an enterprise about which separate financial information is available and regularly evaluated by the chief operating decision maker in deciding how to allocate resources and in assessing performance.

The Company follows ASC 280, which establishes standards for reporting information about operating segments in annual and interim financial statements, and requires that companies report financial and descriptive information about their reportable segments based on a management approach. ASC 280 also establishes standards for related disclosures about products and services, geographic areas and major customers.

Operating segments are defined as components of an enterprise that engage in business activities for which separate financial information is available and is evaluated by the Chief Operating Decision Maker (“CODM”), which for the Company is its Chief Executive Officer, in deciding how to allocate resources and assess performance. We maintain two operating segments: diagnostic services (which includes our COVID-19 and other diagnostic testing services) and consumer products (which includes our contract manufacturing, retail customers, biopharma and personal genomics products and services). See Note 15 Segment Information.

Business and Liquidity Risks and Uncertainties and Concentration of Financial Risks

Business and Liquidity Risks and Uncertainties

Our diagnostic service business continued to be impacted by the level of demand for COVID-19 and other diagnostic testing, the prices we are able to receive for performing our testing services, our ability to collect payment or reimbursement for our testing services in December 31, 2023 and ultimately led to our revenues decreasing significantly for the year ended December 31, 2023. On March 22, 2022, the Health Resources & Services Administration ("HRSA") program stopped accepting claims for COVID-19 testing and treatment provided to uninsured individuals due to lack of sufficient funds. We recognized approximately 1,000,000 tests for the year ended December 31, 2022 and approximately 480,000 tests for the year ended December 31, 2023, of which 28% were reimbursed by the HRSA uninsured program for the year ended December 31, 2022, and none were reimbursed from the HRSA uninsured program for the year ended December 31, 2023. As a result, we have reduced the amount of diagnostic testing services that we provide since the second half of 2023. Nonetheless we are prepared to provide an increased volume of our diagnostic testing service if diagnostic testing is required due to a new COVID-19 outbreak. We have continued to ship COVID-19 antigen kits under an existing contract to our customer. In addition, in order to maintain licenses in certain states in which we operate, we currently perform several diagnostic tests each quarter to maintain our certified lab status, and we currently plan to do so for the foreseeable future. There is no guarantee that the demand of our diagnostic testing services will increase or meet the level of demand that we experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to substitute the revenues previously generated from this line of business from our other business lines.

Our personal genomics business is and will continue to be influenced by demand for our genetic sequencing products and services, our marketing and service capabilities, and our ability to comply with applicable regulatory requirements.

Our contracting manufacturing business is and will continue to be impacted by demand for our services, which is largely a function of the timing, length and severity of each cold season. Generally, a cold season is defined as the period from September to March when the incidence of the common cold rises as a result of the change in weather and other factors. We generally experience in the first, third and fourth quarter higher levels of net revenues from our contract manufacturing business. Revenues are generally at their lowest levels in the second quarter when customer demand generally declines. This line of business is also impacted by our ability to meet such demands. The building of our manufacturing facilities and manufacturing of products necessitates compliance with applicable regulatory requirements.

Our consumer sales are and will continue to be impacted by (i) the timing of acceptance of our TK Supplements® consumer products in the marketplace, and (ii) fluctuations in the timing of purchase and the ultimate level of demand for these products.

For the year ended December 31, 2023, $11.3 million was used by operating activities. The Company had cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and marketable securities of $5.3 million as of December 31, 2023. Based on management’s current business plans, the Company estimates that it will have enough cash and liquidity to finance its operating requirements for at least one year from the date of filing these financial statements. However, due to the nature of the diagnostic business and the Company's focus thus far on COVID-19, there are inherent uncertainties associated with managements’ business plan and cash flow projections if the Company is unable to grow its diagnostic testing business beyond COVID-19 testing services and to grow its other businesses.

As such, the Company’s future capital needs and the adequacy of its available funds will depend on many factors. These include, but not necessarily limited to, the actual cost and time necessary to achieve sustained profitability from diagnostic services, the ability to successfully diversify the diagnostic services revenue streams and the ability to market and grow the personal genomics, biopharma, manufacturing and supplement businesses. The Company may be required to raise additional funds through equity or debt securities offerings or strategic collaboration and/or licensing agreements in order to fund operations until it is able to generate enough revenues. Such financing may not be available on acceptable terms, or at all, and the Company’s failure to raise capital when needed could have a material adverse effect on its strategic objectives, results of operations and financial condition.

Concentration of Financial Risks

Financial instruments that potentially subject us to significant concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash investments, marketable debt securities, and trade accounts receivable. Our marketable securities are fixed income investments, which are highly liquid and can be readily purchased or sold through established markets.

We maintain cash and cash equivalents with certain major financial institutions. As of December 31, 2023, our cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash balance was $2.1 million. Of the total bank balance, $1.0 million was covered by federal depository insurance and $1.1 million was uninsured at December 31, 2023.

Accounts receivable subject us to credit risk concentrations from time-to-time. We extend credit to our consumer healthcare product customers based upon an evaluation of the customer’s financial condition and credit history and generally do not require collateral. Our diagnostic services receivable credit risk is based on payer reimbursement experience, which includes government agencies and healthcare insurers, the period the receivables have been outstanding and the historical collection rates. The collectability of the diagnostic services receivables is also directly linked to the quality of our billing processes, which depend on information provided and billing services of third parties. These credit concentrations impact our overall exposure to credit risk, which could be further affected by changes in economic, regulatory or other conditions that may impact the timing and collectability of trade receivables and diagnostic test receivables. Additionally, the reimbursement receivables from the diagnostic service business are subject to billing errors and related disputes.

In addition, see Note 13 - Significant Customers Concentrations.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements and the accompanying notes thereto, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America (“GAAP”), requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the respective reporting periods. Examples include revenue recognition and the impact of the variable consideration around diagnostic test reimbursement rates, the provision for uncollectible receivables and billing errors, sales returns and allowances, rates, slow moving, dated inventory and associated provisions, the estimated useful lives and potential impairment of long-lived assets, stock based compensation valuation, income tax asset valuations and assumptions related to accrued advertising.

Our estimates and assumptions are based on historical experience, current trends and other factors that management believes to be relevant at the time the financial statements are prepared. Management reviews the accounting policies, assumptions, estimates and judgments on a quarterly basis. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

We consider all highly liquid investments with a maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents include cash on hand and monies invested in money market funds. The carrying amount approximates the fair market value due to the short-term maturity of these securities.

Restricted Cash

Restricted cash as of December 31, 2023 includes approximately $540,000 held in escrow related to the Company's mortgage loan. There was no restricted cash as of December 31, 2022.

Marketable Securities

We have classified our investments in marketable debt and equity securities as available-for-sale and as a current asset. Our investments in marketable securities are carried at fair value, with unrealized gains and as a separate component of stockholders’ equity. Realized gains and losses from our marketable securities are recorded as interest income (expense). Marketable debt securities carry maturity dates between one and three years from date of purchase and interest rates of 1.40% to 4.90% during fiscal 2022.

The following is a summary of the components of our marketable securities and the underlying fair value input level tier hierarchy (see fair value of financial instruments) (in thousands):


	As of December 31, 2023
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
Corporate stock	$	3,528	$	—	$	(401)	$	3,127
	$	3,528	$	—	$	(401)	$	3,127


	As of December 31, 2022
	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
U.S. government obligations	$	1,484	$	6	$	(12)	$	1,478
Corporate obligations	5,702		1,228		(80)		6,850
	$	7,186	$	1,234	$	(92)	$	8,328

We believe that the unrealized gains or losses generally are the result of a change in the risk premiums required by market participants rather than an adverse change in cash flows or a fundamental weakness in the credit quality of the issuer or underlying assets.

Accounts Receivable, net

Accounts receivable consists primarily of amounts due from government agencies and healthcare insurers. Unbilled accounts receivable relates to the delivery of our diagnostic testing services for which the related billings will occur in a future period, after a patient’s insurance information has been validated, and represent amounts we have an unconditional right to receive payment. Unbilled accounts receivable is classified as accounts receivable on the consolidated balance sheet. We carry our accounts receivable at the amount of consideration for which we expect to be entitled less allowances. When estimating the allowances for our diagnostics business, the Company pools its trade receivables based on the following payer types: healthcare insurers and government payers. The Company principally estimates the allowance for credit losses by pool based on historical collection experience, current economic conditions, expectations of future economic conditions, other credits and the period of time that the receivables have been outstanding. To the extent that any individual payers are identified that have deteriorated in credit quality, the Company removes the payers from their respective pools and establishes allowances based on the individual risk characteristics of such payers. On a periodic basis, we evaluate our receivables and establish an allowance, based on a history of past write-offs, government and healthcare insurer payment trends, collections, current credit conditions or generally accepted future trends. Accounts receivable are stated at the net amount expected to be collected, using an expected loss methodology that is referred to as the current expected credit loss ("CECL") model.

At December 31, 2023, within the diagnostic services business, insurers had significantly aged balances that we are continuing to work to collect. The specific facts and circumstances related to each of these individual payors have been considered by our management, which informed the determination of the year-end reserve balance. We continue to pursue collection of amounts due. However, there will inevitably be billings that are rejected by the insurance carriers and associated receivables that will not be collected. We believe that the reserve established at December 31, 2023 is adequate to capture this collectability risk. While past history is helpful informing the determination of an appropriate reserve, its utility is somewhat limited by the circumstances underlying a significant portion of these aged balances; specifically, an unprecedented volume of activity related COVID 19 diagnostic testing. Accordingly, the determination of an appropriate reserve required significant management judgment and was informed by the unique facts and circumstances related to each of the three significant insurers.

Inventory, net

Inventory is valued at the lower of cost, determined on a first-in, first-out basis (“FIFO”), or net realizable value. Inventory items are analyzed to determine cost and the net realizable value and appropriate valuation adjustments are established.

At December 31, 2023 and 2022, the components of inventory are as follows (in thousands):


	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Diagnostic services testing material	$	623	$	1,739
Raw materials	1,619		1,639
Work in process	306		754
Finished goods	1,551		356
Inventory	$	4,099	$	4,488
Inventory valuation reserve	(258)		(512)
Inventory, net	$	3,841	$	3,976

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are recorded at cost. We use the straight-line method in computing depreciation for financial reporting purposes. Depreciation expense is computed in accordance with the following ranges of estimated asset lives: building and improvements - ten to thirty-nine years; leasehold improvements - lesser of lease term or estimated useful life; machinery and equipment including lab equipment - three to seven years; computer equipment and software - three to five years; and furniture and fixtures - five years.

Leases

At the inception of an arrangement, we determine whether the arrangement is or contains a lease based on the unique facts and circumstances present in the arrangement. Most leases with a term greater than one year are recognized on the balance sheet as right-of-use assets and short-term and long-term lease liabilities, as applicable. We have elected not to recognize on the balance sheet leases with terms of 12 months or less. We typically only include an initial lease term in its assessment of a lease arrangement. Options to renew a lease are not included in our assessment unless there is reasonable certainty that we will renew.

Operating lease liabilities and their corresponding right-of-use assets are recorded based on the present value of lease payments over the expected remaining lease term. Certain adjustments to the right-of-use asset may be required for items such as incentives received. The interest rate implicit in our leases is typically not readily determinable. As a result, we utilize our incremental borrowing rate, which reflects the fixed rate at which we could borrow on a collateralized basis the amount of the lease payments in the same currency, for a similar term and in a similar economic environment (see Note 12, Leases).

The components of a lease should be allocated between lease components (e.g., land, building, etc.) and non-lease components (e.g., common area maintenance, consumables, etc.). The fixed and in-substance fixed contract consideration (including any consideration related to non-components) must be allocated based on the respective relative fair values to the lease components and non-lease components.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the fair value of the consideration transferred over the fair value of the underlying identifiable assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination. Goodwill and intangible assets deemed to have an indefinite life are not amortized, but instead are assessed for impairment annually. Additionally, if an event or change in circumstances occurs that would more likely than not reduce the fair value of the reporting unit below its carrying value, we would evaluate goodwill and other intangibles at that time.

In testing for goodwill impairment, we have the option to first assess qualitative factors to determine whether the existence of events or circumstances lead to a determination that it is more likely than not that the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. If, after assessing the totality of events and circumstances, we conclude that it is not more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, then performing the two-step impairment test is not required. If we conclude otherwise, we are required to perform the two-step impairment test. The goodwill impairment test is performed at the reporting unit level by comparing the estimated fair value of a reporting unit with its respective carrying value. If the estimated fair value exceeds the carrying value, goodwill at the reporting unit level is not impaired. If the estimated fair value is less than the carrying value, an impairment charge will be recorded to

reduce the reporting unit to fair value. Management completed a qualitative assessment of Goodwill and it was not deemed impaired at December 31, 2023.

Intangible assets deemed to have finite lives are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, where the useful life is the period over which the asset is expected to contribute directly, or indirectly, to our future cash flows.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

The Company reviews long-lived assets, including property and equipment and finite-lived intangible assets, for impairment whenever events or changes in business circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be fully recoverable. An impairment loss is recognized when the asset’s carrying value exceeds the total undiscounted cash flows expected from its use and eventual disposition. The amount of the impairment loss is determined as the excess of the carrying value of the asset over its fair value. For the fiscal years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022, the Company did not have an impairment of the long-lived assets.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

We measure assets and liabilities at fair value based on expected exit price as defined by the authoritative guidance on fair value measurements, which represents the amount that would be received on the sale date of an asset or paid to transfer a liability, as the case may be, in an orderly transaction between market participants. As such, fair value may be based on assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. The authoritative guidance on fair value measurements establishes a consistent framework for measuring fair value on either a recurring or nonrecurring basis whereby inputs, used in valuation techniques, are assigned a hierarchical level.

The following are the hierarchical levels of inputs to measure fair value:

•Level 1: Observable inputs that reflect quoted prices (unadjusted) for identical assets or liabilities in active markets.

•Level 2: Inputs reflect quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active; quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in active markets; inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the assets or liabilities; or inputs that are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data by correlation or other means.

•Level 3: Unobservable inputs reflecting the Company’s assumptions incorporated in valuation techniques used to determine fair value. These assumptions are required to be consistent with market participant assumptions that are reasonably available.

The carrying amounts of our financial assets and liabilities, such as cash, accounts receivable, accounts payable, and unsecured note payable, approximate their fair values because of the short-term nature of these instruments.

We account for our marketable securities at fair value, with the net unrealized gains or losses of marketable debt securities reported as a component of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss and marketable equity securities change in fair value reported on the condensed consolidated statement of operations. The components of marketable securities are as follows (in thousands):


	As of December 31, 2023
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Corporate stock	3,127						3,127
	$	3,127	$	—	$	—	$	3,127


	As of December 31, 2022
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
U.S. government obligations	$	—	$	1,478	$	—	$	1,478
Corporate obligations	5,496		1,354		—		6,850
	$	5,496	$	2,832	$	—	$	8,328

There were no transfers of marketable debt securities between Levels 1, 2 or 3 for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022.

Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenue that represents the transfer of promised goods or services to customers at an amount that reflects the consideration that is expected to be received in exchange for those goods or services. We recognize revenue when performance obligations with our customers have been satisfied. At contract inception, we evaluate the contract to determine if revenue should be recognized using the following five steps: (1) identify the contract with the customer; (2) identify the performance obligations; (3) determine the transaction price; (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations; and (5) recognize revenue when (or as) the entity satisfies a performance obligation.

Contract with Customers and Performance Obligations

A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer and is the unit of account. A contract’s transaction price is allocated to each distinct performance obligation and recognized as revenue when, or as, the performance obligation is satisfied. Sales from product shipments to contract manufacturing and retailer customers are recognized at the time ownership is transferred to the customer. Revenue from diagnostic services is recognized when the results are made available to the customer. Revenue from our personal genomics business is recognized when the genetic testing results are provided to the customer. For subscription services associated with our genomic testing, we recognize revenue ratably over the term of the subscription.

The Company’s performance obligation for contract manufacturing and retail customers is to provide the goods ordered by the customer. The Company has one performance obligation for its diagnostic services, which is to provide the results of the laboratory test to the customer. Our personal genomics business has separate performance obligations to provide initial testing and genome results and subscriptions services to our customers.

Transaction Price

For our diagnostic services business, a revenue transaction is initiated when we receive a requisition order to perform a diagnostic test. The information provided on the requisition form is used to determine the party that will be billed for the testing performed and the expected reimbursement. We provide diagnostic services to a range of customers. In many cases, the customer that orders our services is not responsible for paying for these services. Depending on the billing arrangement and applicable law, the payer may be the patient or a third party, such as a health plan, Medicare or Medicaid program and other government reimbursement programs. We bill the providers at standard price and take into consideration negotiated discounts and anticipated reimbursement remittance adjustments based on the payer portfolio, when revenue is recorded. We use the most expected value method to estimate the transaction price for reimbursements that vary from the listed contract price.

For our personal genomics business, a revenue transaction is initiated by a DNA test kit sale direct to the consumer sales via our website or through online retailers. The kit sales and subscriptions are billed at a standard price and take into consideration any discounts when revenue is recorded. We also contract with third party B2B partners and universities and sell DNA test kits directly to them.

For contract manufacturing and retail customers, the transaction price is fixed based upon either (i) the terms of a combined master agreement and each related purchase order, or (ii) if there is no master agreement, the price per individual purchase order received from each customer. The customers are invoiced at an agreed upon contractual price for each unit ordered and delivered by the Company.

Revenue from retail customers is reduced for trade promotions, estimated sales returns and other allowances in the same period as the related sales are recorded. No such allowance is applicable to our contract manufacturing customers. We estimate potential future product returns and other allowances related to current period revenue. We analyze historical returns, current trends, and changes in customer and consumer demand when evaluating the adequacy of the sales returns and other allowances.

We do not accept returns from our contract manufacturing customers. Our return policy for retail customers accommodates returns for (i) discontinued products, (ii) store closings and (iii) products that have reached or exceeded their designated expiration date. We do not impose a period of time during which product may be returned. All requests for product returns must be submitted to us for pre-approval. We will not accept return requests pertaining to customer inventory “Overstocking” or “Resets”. We will accept return requests only for products in their intended package

configuration. We reserve the right to terminate shipment of product to customers who have made unauthorized deductions contrary to our return policy or pursue other methods of reimbursement. We compensate the customer for authorized returns by means of a credit applied to amounts owed.

Recognize Revenue When the Company Satisfies a Performance Obligation

For diagnostic services, the Company satisfies its performance obligation at the point in time that the results are made available to the customer, which is when the customer benefits from the information contained in the results and obtains control.

For genomic services, we satisfy our product performance obligation at a point in time when the genetic testing results are provided to the customer. For subscriptions services associated with its genomic testing, we satisfy our performance obligation ratably over the subscription period. If the customer does not return the test kit, services cannot be completed by us, potentially resulting in unexercised rights (“breakage”) revenue, including lifetime subscription services. We estimate breakage for the portion of test kits not expected to be returned using an analysis of historical data and consider other factors that could influence customer test kit return behavior. When breakage revenue is recognized on a kit, we recognize breakage on any associated subscription services ratably over the term of the subscription.

Performance obligations related to contract manufacturing and retail customers are satisfied at a point in time when the goods are shipped to the customer as (i) we have transferred control of the assets to the customers upon shipping, and (ii) the customer obtains title and assumes the risks and rewards of ownership after the goods are shipped.

Contract Balances

As of December 31, 2023 and December 31, 2022, we have deferred revenue of $3.5 million and $3.6 million, respectively. Our new personal genomics business comprised $3.4 million of the deferred revenue as of December 31, 2023. The remainder of deferred revenue relates to research and development (“R&D”) stability and release testing programs recognized as contract manufacturing revenue. Deferred revenues primarily consist of amounts that have been billed to or received from customers in advance of revenue recognition and prepayments received from customers in advance of services performed for the R&D work. We recognize deferred revenues as revenues when the services are performed and the corresponding revenue recognition criteria are met. Customer prepayments are generally applied against invoices issued to customers when services are performed and billed.

The following table disaggregates our deferred revenue by recognition period (in thousands):


	As of December 31, 2023		As of December 31, 2022
Recognition Period
0-12 Months	$	2,382	$	2,499
13-24 Months	750		683
Over 24 Months	350		376
Total	$	3,482	$	3,558

Disaggregation of Revenue

We disaggregate revenue from contracts with customers into four categories: contract manufacturing, retail and others, diagnostic services and genomic products and services. We determined that disaggregating revenue into these categories achieves the disclosure objective to depict how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

The following table disaggregates the Company’s revenue by revenue source for Fiscal 2023 and 2022 (in thousands):


	For the years ended
Revenue by Customer Type	December 31, 2023		December 31, 2022
Diagnostic services	$	24,849	$	108,329
Contract manufacturing	9,400		8,740
Retail and others	2,378		1,281
Genomic products and services	7,757		4,297
Total revenue, net	$	44,384	$	122,647

Customer Consideration

The Company makes payments to certain diagnostic services customers for distinct services that approximate fair value for those services. Such services include specimen collection, the collection and delivery of insurance and patient information necessary for billing and collection, and logistics services. Consideration associated with specimen collection services is classified in cost of revenues and the remaining costs are classified as diagnostic expenses within operating expenses in the accompanying statement of operations.

Sales Tax Exclusion from the Transaction Price

We exclude from the measurement of the transaction price all taxes assessed by a governmental authority that are both imposed on and concurrent with a specific revenue-producing transaction and collected by the Company from the customer.

Shipping and Handling Activities

We account for shipping and handling activities that we perform as activities to fulfill the promise to transfer the good.

Advertising and Incentive Promotions

Advertising and incentive promotion costs are expensed within the period in which they are utilized. Advertising and incentive promotion expense is comprised of (i) media advertising, presented as part of general and administrative expense, (ii) cooperative incentive promotions and coupon program expenses, which are accounted for as part of net revenue, and (iii) free product, which is accounted for as part of cost of revenues. Advertising and incentive promotion expenses incurred from continuing operations for Fiscal 2023 and 2022 were $1.8 million and $0.4 million, respectively.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company accounts for stock-based compensation in accordance with FASB ASC 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation.” Under the fair value recognition provision of the ASC, stock-based compensation cost is estimated at the grant date based on the fair value of the award. The Company estimates the fair value of stock options and warrants granted using the Black-Scholes-Merton option pricing model and stock grants at their closing reported market value. We recognize all stock-based payments to employees and directors, including grants of stock options, as compensation expense in the financial statements based on their grant date fair values. The grant date fair values of stock options are determined through the use of the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The compensation cost is recognized as an expense over the requisite service period of the award, which usually coincides with the vesting period. We account for forfeitures as they occur.

Stock and stock options to purchase our common stock have been granted to employees pursuant to the terms of certain agreements and stock option plans (see Note 7, Stockholders' Equity). Stock options are exercisable during a period determined by us, but in no event later than seven years from the date granted.

Research and Development

R&D costs are charged to operations in the period incurred, R&D costs incurred for the years ended December 31, 2023 and 2022 were $1.4 million and $0.7 million, respectively. R&D costs are principally related to personnel expenses and new product development initiatives and costs associated with the OTC health care products, dietary supplements and validation costs associated with the diagnostic services business.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with accounting guidance now codified as FASB ASC 740, “Income Taxes,” which requires that the Company recognize deferred tax liabilities and assets based on the differences between the financial statement carrying amounts and the tax bases of assets and liabilities, using enacted tax rates in effect in the years the differences are expected to reverse.

The provision for, or benefit from, income taxes includes deferred taxes resulting from the temporary differences in income for financial and tax purposes using the liability method. Such temporary differences result primarily from the differences in the carrying value of assets and liabilities. Future realization of deferred income tax assets requires sufficient taxable income within the carry-back, carryforward period available under tax law. We evaluate, on a quarterly basis whether, based on all available evidence, it is probable that the deferred income tax assets are realizable. Valuation allowances are established when it is more likely than not that the tax benefit of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. The evaluation, as prescribed by ASC 740- 10, “Income Taxes,” includes the consideration of all available evidence, both positive and negative, regarding historical operating results including recent years with reported losses, the estimated timing of future reversals of existing taxable temporary differences, estimated future taxable income exclusive of reversing temporary differences and carryforwards, and potential tax planning strategies which may be employed to prevent an operating loss or tax credit carryforward from expiring unused.

The Company accounts for income taxes under ASU No. 2019-12, “Income Taxes (Topic 740): Simplifying the Accounting for Income Taxes (“ASU 2019-12”), which simplifies various aspects related to accounting for income taxes. This standard became effective for the Company January 1, 2021. ASU 2019-12 removes certain exceptions to the general principles in Topic 740 and also clarifies and amends existing guidance to improve consistent application.

The Company accounts for uncertainties in income taxes under the provisions of FASB ASC 740-10-05 (the “Subtopic”). The Subtopic clarifies the accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in an enterprise’s financial statements. The Subtopic prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return. The Subtopic provides guidance on the de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure and transition.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards, Adopted and Not Yet Adopted

Recently Issued Accounting Standards, Adopted

On January 1, 2023, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments” (“ASU 2016-13”) ASU 2016-13 requires an impairment model (known as the CECL model) that is based on expected losses rather than incurred losses. Under the new guidance, each reporting entity should estimate an allowance for expected credit losses, which is intended to result in more timely recognition of losses. This model replaces the existing incurred loss model and is applicable to the measurement of credit losses on financial assets measured at amortized cost, accounts receivable and available for sale debt securities and applies to some off-balance sheet credit exposures. In February 2020, the FASB issued ASU 2020-02, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326), which amends the effective date of the original pronouncement for smaller reporting companies. ASU 2016-13 and its amendments will be effective for the Company for interim and annual periods in fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2022. The adoption of ASU 2016-13 did not have a material impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

In August 2023, the FASB issued ASU 2023-05, "Business Combinations - Joint Venture Formations (Subtopic 805-60): Recognition and Initial Measurement." The new guidance applies to the formation of a joint venture and requires a joint venture to initially measure all contributions received upon its formation at fair value. The guidance is intended to reduce diversity in practice and is applicable to joint venture entities with a formation date on or after January 1, 2025 on a

prospective basis. The Company currently does not have any transactions that fall under the scope of ASU 2023-05; therefore, the adoption of ASU 2023-05 is not expected to have an impact on the Company's consolidated financial statements.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards, Not Yet Adopted

In November 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-07, Segment Reporting (Topic 280): Improvements to Reportable Segment Disclosures (ASU 2023-07), which requires an enhanced disclosure of significant segment expenses on an annual and interim basis. This guidance will be effective for the annual periods beginning the year ended December 31, 2024, and for interim periods beginning January 1, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, the guidance should be applied retrospectively to all prior periods presented in the financial statements. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.

In December 2023, the FASB issued ASU No. 2023-09, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Improvements to Income Tax Disclosures (ASU 2023-09), which improves the transparency of income tax disclosures by requiring consistent categories and greater disaggregation of information in the effective tax rate reconciliation and income taxes paid disaggregated by jurisdiction. It also includes certain other amendments to improve the effectiveness of income tax disclosures. This guidance will be effective for the annual periods beginning the year ended December 31, 2025. Early adoption is permitted. Upon adoption, the guidance can be applied prospectively or retrospectively. The Company does not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on its consolidated financial statements.